Food coloring Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Food shading - Research Paper Example Food hues can either be acquired normally or made artificially. Most hues are acquired from plant shades. These shades could either originate from vegetable or natural products. Acquiring common hues is some of the time expensive. Scientists cause indistinguishable hues to improve virtue. Particles of these fabricated hues are similar atoms from the normal source. Since most regular hues can't break up in water, they are handled as salts to make them solvent in water. A portion of the engineered shading models are; blackcurrant jams produced using azo colors quinoline and xanthenes. Aramnath a case of manufactured food shading Carmine utilized in yoghurts is acquired from creepy crawlies that produce carmanic corrosive. Dried bugs are bubbled in water to extricate this corrosive. The structure of a carminic corrosive that is extricated from the cochineal bug is demonstrated as follows. Other compound equations of ordinarily use food hues incorporate; Allura red (C18H14N2Na208S2), Tartrazine (C16H9N4Na309S2) and Brilliant blue (C37H34N2Na209S3). any individuals relate a food shading to ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).Tartrazine is related with extremely touchy responses to youngsters. Scientists directed concentration toward engineered hues since characteristic shading were seen as having hints of mercury toxics. As per America’s research, manufactured food hues have unfavorably been seen as influencing little youngsters conduct. Food hues that are considered engineered are at times blends of synthetics from research centers and mixes of other petro synthetics.

Mechanical Engineering History Essay

Toward the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, in the eighteenth century the steam motor was first delivered. From this creation it gave a huge beginning to all apparatus of any sort and each type. Subsequently, another significant arrangement of designing was shaped because of the instinct of machines and devices being created. Not long after this, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers was established in Birmingham, England in 1847. â€Å"Scientists research what as of now is; Engineers make what has never been.† (â€Å"Mechanical Engineering†) In this statement, Albert Einstein clarifies that building is fundamental to cultural progression and what is will never be without designing. Henry Petroski helps educates the open that, Engineers don't have otherworldly capacities. They are not great. It isn't normal for them to not commit errors. One can pardon their errors, yet it is fundamental for one to get and address them. Subsequently it is the idea of current building for designers to look at one’s own work and counts alongside crafted by their collogues. Being a specialist is a genuine calling, â€Å"You are taking a gander at a â€Å"professional degree† as opposed to an expressions degree or a science qualification. Numerous individuals would state that the science qualification is reliable with a law degree. I don't know I concur but rather it is not quite the same as physical training degree. Also, coincidentally, the procuring potential is more prominent, too† (Blackmon) says Professor Blackmon, one of UNC Charlotte’s professors’ and guide for Mechanical Engineering. As per Blackmon, a rookie mechanical architect needs to expect â€Å"to realize that they will invest a ton of energy learning throughout the following four years.† They will likewise need to realize that they will be put in â€Å"Calculus1, ENGR1201 and CHEM1251†. In the designing system at UNC Charlotte, there are two pathways, Engineering and Engineering-Tech. Blackmon states that the principle distinction between the two is that, â€Å"engineering is math based with a material science based educational plan, and innovation is variable based math based and polynomial math based material science based† (Blackmon). As per the Bureau of Labor Statistics in 2011 there was a national aggregate of 238,260 mechanical designers in the USA. 50% of these mechanical architects made in any event $38.09 an hour at work. At this hourly rate, these ME’s made $79,230 yearly. (â€Å"17-2141 Mechanical Engineers†). Teacher Blackmon reveals to me that here at UNC Charlotte, â€Å"we have mechanical designing going into most any industry and most any claim to fame. They are in vitality, motorsports, medication, mechanical autonomy, space investigation, and so on. I don't know of any genuine task that can't profit by the help of a mechanical engineer.† Also at UNC Charlotte, graduates who have at any rate a 3.4 GPA will in general get a new line of work even before they graduate. Graduation to around 60% of UNC Charlotte’s graduates occurs in around six years; just twenty-two percent of green bean graduate in four years. As per Blackmon, â€Å"Our results are about the equivalent for all building schools† (Blackmon). A mechanical designer requires numerous characteristics and characteristics that most people may not know. These qualities incorporate and follow what is expressed in the statement beneath: Mechanical architects are portrayed by close to home imagination, broadness of information, and flexibility. They are likewise significant and dependable multidisciplinary colleagues. The specialized branches of knowledge that structure the fundamental reason for their work incorporate mechanics, vitality move and transformation, plan and producing, and the building sciences. A decent comprehension of English and arithmetic is likewise vital to this sort of calling. (â€Å"Mechanical Engineering Major†) There wouldn’t be new creations or items made without designing. Turning into a ME isn't simple it takes numerous long periods of experience, information in the field, much commitment and determination. Works Cited â€Å"An Excellent Collection of Engineering Quotes.† Articlesbase.com. Articlesbase.com, n.d. Web. 10 Oct. 2012. <http://www.articlesbase.com/>. â€Å"Mechanical Engineering.† Britannica.com. 2012. Web. 10 Oct. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/>. â€Å"Mechanical Engineering Major.† MyMajors. My Majors, 2012. Web. 30 Sep 2012. <http://www.mymajors.com/>. â€Å"17-2141 Mechanical Engineers.† Bls.gov. 27 Mar. 2012. Web. 10 Oct. 2012. <http://www.bls.gov/>. Blackmon, Don. Individual Interview. 11 Oct. 2012.

Blog Archive Monday Morning Essay Tip Show, Do Not Tell

Blog Archive Monday Morning Essay Tip Show, Do Not Tell You may have heard the old journalistic maxim “Show, don’t tell, which demands that writers truly illustrate the actions involved in an event or story rather than just stating the results of what happened. Tell (results oriented): “I arrived at ABC Bank and took on a great deal of responsibility in corporate lending. I managed diverse clients in my first year and earned the recognition of my manager. Because of my hard work, initiative and leadership, he placed me on the management track, and I knew that I would be a success in this challenging position.” In these three sentences, the reader is told that the applicant “took on a great deal of responsibility,” “managed diverse clients” and “earned recognition,” though none of these claims are substantiated via the story. Further, we are given no real evidence of the writers “hard work, initiative and leadership.” Show (action oriented): “Almost immediately after joining ABC bank, I took a risk in asking management for the accounts left behind by a recently transferred manager. I soon expanded our lending relationships with a children’s clothing retailer, a metal recycler and a food distributor, making decisions on loans of up to $1M. Although I had a commercial banking background, I sought the mentorship of our district manager and studied aggressively for the CFA exam (before and after 14-hour days at the office); I was encouraged when the lending officer cited my initiative and desire to learn, placing me on our management track.” In this second example, we see evidence of the writers “great deal of responsibility” (client coverage, $1M lending decisions) and “diverse clients” (a children’s clothing retailer, a metal recycler and a food distributor). Further, the candidates “hard work, initiative and leadership” are clearly illustrated throughout. The second example paragraph is more interesting, rich and humbleâ€"and more likely to captivate the reader. By showing your actions in detail, you ensure that your reader draws the desired conclusions about your skills and accomplishments, because the necessary facts are included to facilitate this. Essentially, facts become your evidence! Share ThisTweet Monday Morning Essay Tips Blog Archive Monday Morning Essay Tip Show, Do Not Tell You may have heard the old journalistic maxim “Show, don’t tell, which demands that writers truly illustrate the actions involved in an event or story rather than just stating the results of what happened. Tell (Results Oriented): “I arrived at ABC Bank and took on a great deal of responsibility in corporate lending. I managed diverse clients in my first year and earned the recognition of my manager. Because of my hard work, initiative and leadership, he placed me on the management track, and I knew that I would be a success in this challenging position.” In these three sentences, the reader is told that the applicant “took on a great deal of responsibility,” “managed diverse clients” and “earned recognition,” none of which  is substantiated via the story. Further, we are given no real evidence of the writers “hard work, initiative and leadership.” Show (Action Oriented): “Almost immediately after joining ABC bank, I took a risk in asking management for the accounts left behind by a recently transferred manager. I soon expanded our lending relationships with a children’s clothing retailer, a metal recycler and a food distributor, making decisions on loans of up to $1M. Although I had a commercial banking background, I sought the mentorship of our district manager and studied aggressively for the CFA exam (before and after 14-hour days at the office); I was encouraged when the lending officer cited my initiative and desire to learn, placing me on our management track.” In this second example, we see clear evidence of the writers “great deal of responsibility” (client coverage, $1M lending decisions) and “diverse clients” (a children’s clothing retailer, a metal recycler and a food distributor). Further, the candidates “hard work, initiative and leadership” are clear throughout. The latter is a more interesting, rich and humble paragraphâ€"one that is more likely to captivate the reader. By showing your actions in detail, you ensure that your reader draws the same conclusions, because the necessary facts are included to facilitate this. Essentially, facts become your evidence! Share ThisTweet Monday Morning Essay Tips

The Market Structures - 853 Words

The four defined market structures include perfect competition, monopoly, monopolist, and oligopoly. Although firms within these four different structures compete within the economic market together, each have their distinct characteristic. Perfect competition includes producers who all produce the same good. When looking at perfect competition you will see that both the buyers and sellers are price takers. The agricultural market is one of the few perfectly competitive markets. A monopoly consist of one product being sold by one seller. In a monopoly one firm controls the market. Monopolies have high entry barriers eliminating competition and product duplication. If an artist has the ability to produce original sculptures that no one can duplicate, then they have a monopoly. Monopolist and oligopoly market structures are more common. Monopolist markets consist of several firms producing similar products. These firms are in competition with one another and have low barriers of entry into the market. Even though they face competition with other firms, monopolist make strategic decisions for their firms without much thought of the competitor’s actions or reactions. Dove will manufacture and sell their soap without regard to what Ivory may be producing or the selling price of Ivory soap. Oligopoly firms have some similarities to monopolist, they both maximize profits when MC=MR, and sell products to a wide range of consumers. The difference between oligopoly and monopolistShow MoreRelatedMarket Structure Of The Company Essay1088 Words   |  5 PagesMarket Structure Introduction There are four types of market structures and they are monopoly, perfect competition, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. What is a market structure? A market structure is â€Å"the makeup of the companies operating in a particular market.† Why is the market structure important to the producer as well as the consumer? It distinguishes the difference in seller numbers, buyer numbers, seller entry barriers, and buyer entry barriers. The main differences in market structuresRead MorePerfect Competition : A Market Structure1942 Words   |  8 PagesWhen trying to top look for a market structure to fit your needs a person should start with perfect completion, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. These four market structure are used by business to aid the businesses in producing and selling products. Perfect competition is described as a market structure that has many sellers and buyers that produce the same product and they are allowed to leave and exit the in dustry at any time. 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Therefore, a comparison and contrast is necessary to distinguish each of these theories from one another. These market structures of the economy are perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. These market structuresRead MoreMarket St ructure Of The Market Structures1779 Words   |  8 Pagesmayor to look at various market structures. I plan to provide excellent information and answer all the questions that will help the mayor understand the market structures of many of the businesses in his city. According to Arthur Levitt, the tension between centrality, on the one hand, and competition, on the other, is probably the oldest of all market structure issues (Levitt, n.d.). Market structures are being used daily to help foster companies. Describe each market structure discussed in the courseRead MoreMarket Structures Of The Market1198 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION Market Structures are classified in term of the presence or absence of competition. When competition is absent, the market is said to be concentrated. There is a spectrum, from perfect competition to pure monopoly. Market structure is the physical characteristics of the market within which firms interact. It involves the number of firms in the market and the barriers to entry. Perfect competition, with an infinite number of firms, and monopoly, with a single firm, are polar oppositesRead MoreMarket Structures2710 Words   |  11 PagesKenya Institute of Management Diploma Course in Management Economics Work Based Assignment Done By: Daniel Mwathe Mugo Student No: NRB-44592 Table of Contents Question 2 Market Structures 3 Monopoly 3 Equilibrium Price and Output 3 Price Discrimination 5 Advantages of Monopoly 5 Disadvantages of Monopoly 6 Monopolistic Competition 6 Characteristics of Monopolistic Competition 6 Equilibrium level 6 Oligopoly 7 Features of Oligopoly 8 Competition and Collusion 8 Duopoly:Read MoreMarket Structures1479 Words   |  6 PagesBetween Market Structures ECO/365 April 13, 2015 Benjamin Zuckerman Differentiating Between Market Structures Coca-Cola Company is one of the world’s leading soft drinks manufacturers. Since its creation, the company has been growing constantly. Today Coca-Cola manufactures more than 500 brands of products sold in more than 200 countries all over the world. Coca-Cola’s main competitor is Pepsi. Therefore, the two companies make up a duopoly where only two companies dominate the market. BothRead MoreMarket Structures1503 Words   |  7 PagesMarket Structures The purpose of this paper is to provide of different types of market structures as well as pricing and non-pricing strategies used in the various market structures. First, the team explores the pure competition market structure through the analysis to Fiji Water Company. Second, the oligopoly market structure with LOreal Group Cosmetic and Beauty Company. Third, explain the monopolistic competition market structure with Campbells Soup Company. Last, the team explains how QuasarRead MoreMarket Structure1104 Words   |  5 PagesI. MARKET STRUCTURE We can classify firms by the roles they play in the target market: leader, challenger, follower, or nicher. Suppose a market is occupied by the firms shown in Figure 1.1. Forty percent of the market is in the hands of a market leader; another 30 percent is in the hands of a market challenger; another 20 percent is in the hands of a market follower, a firm that is willing to maintain its market share and not rock the boat. The remaining 10 percent is in the hands of market nichers

Study On The International Financial Markets Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3540 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The financial system and the commodity market play a vital in economic performance and development. In order to provide a clear understanding, we begin with definitions of international finance as the branch of economics that studies the variations of exchange rate, foreign investment and how these affect the international trade. We introduce financial market with direct transactions between the savers e.g. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On The International Financial Markets Finance Essay" essay for you Create order household, firms and the government and financial intermediaries which transform the direct obligation of savers into indirect obligation of financial which have attributes that savers prefer. Intermediaries engage in receiving funds from the savers and lending to borrowers by means of purchasing from borrowers primary debt, equity or mixed type securities. The main objective of international finance is the undisturbed flow of funds from savers to borrowers regardless of national borders. The second section begins with detail explanations of commodity market and the roles they played in the economics market and the opportunities in supporting an efficient financial sector. The financial sector mobilizes savings and allocates credit across space and time. It provides not only payment services, but more importantly products which enable firms and households to cope with economic uncertainties by hedging, pooling, sharing, and pricing risks. An efficient financial sector reduces t he cost and risk of producing and trading goods and services and thus makes an important contribution to raising standards of living, investment production and consumption. INTERNATIONAL FINANCE. International finance is defined as a branch of economics that studies the variation of exchange rates, foreign investment, and how these affect international trade. Money is moved and the credit made available to the promotion of trade, reconstruction and development across national boundaries. The scope of international finance is classified into three major parts. International Financial Economics which is concerned with causes and effects of financial flows among nations application of macroeconomic theory and policy to the global economy. International Financial Management is concerned with how individual economic units cope with the complex financial environment of international business. International Financial Markets which is concerned with international financial or investment instruments, foreign exchange markets, international banking, international securities markets, financial derivatives, etc. In international finance, Borrowers, primarily corporations raises cash in two principal ways by issuing equity or by issuing debt. The equity consists largely of common stocks, but companies may also issue preferred stocks. Internationally, the raising of cash takes primarily the form of international debt issuance in the form of international debt securities offerings or international equity issuance in the form of international share offerings to investors, often combined with a foreign stock exchange listing. INTERNATIONAL EQUITY FINANCE. Equity is an ownership claims to a share in the profit and assets of a firm. According to the journal of Legal Aspects of International Finance (LAIF) 2011, A share also referred to as equity share of stock represents a share of ownership in a corporation. Equity ownership represents an ownership interest in a corporation. It comes in several forms and the most important is Ordinary Shares (Common Stock) ownership of which entitles the holder of dividend and a share of net assets value of the company. Common stock typically carries voting rights that can be exercised in corporate decisions, the right to share in distributions of the companys income, the right to purchase new shares issued by the company, and the right to a companys assets during a liquidation of the company. With preferred shares, the holder is entitled to certain level dividend payment before any dividends are distributed to ordinary share holders. Preferred stock holders do not carry voting rights like common stocks holders and cannot place the firm into liquidation. As part of international finance, international equity finance involves the issuance and sale of shares of common stock to non-residents of the country regardless of the location of the shareholders. Firms usually use equity financing when they are unable to raise sufficient funds through retained earnings or when they have to raise additional equity capital to offset debt. 1.3. INTERNATIONAL DEBT FINANCE. Is the act of a business raising operating capital or other capital by borrowing for a specific purpose. When companies borrow money, they promise to make regular interest payments and to repay the principal amount of the borrowed funds. Debt financing is divided into two categories which include, long term Debt financing such as equipment, buildings, land, or machines. The scheduled repayment of the loan and the estimated useful life of the assets extend over more than one year and short term debt financing such as purchasing inventory, supplies, or paying the wages of employees usually applies to money needed for the day to day operations of the business. Short term financing is less than one year. As part of international finance, international debt issuance comes with a disconcerting choice of legal forms of debt such as international bank loans, commercial paper, senior unsecured bonds and debentures, subordinated and unsecured notes and debentures. Other types of debt i nstruments all reflect a basic agreement on behalf of the lender to advance the borrowed funds and a promise on behalf of the borrower to return the funds lent. INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MARKET. According to the McKinsey Global Institutes (MGI) annual analysis of long term trends that are reshaping global capital markets, the total value of the worlds financial assets including shares, private and government debt securities, and bank deposits. Financial markets such as stock market or bond market, issue claims on individual borrowers directly to savers. Savers surpluses are transferred to borrowers. FINANCIAL SYSTEM. Financial system provides channels to transfer funds from individuals and groups who have saved money to individuals and groups who want to borrow money. Savers (or lenders) are suppliers of funds, providing funds to borrowers in returns for promises of repayment of even more funds in the future. Borrowers are demanders of funds for consumers durables, houses or business, plants and equipment, promising to repay borrowed funds based on their expectation of higher incomes in future. (Hubbard (1996)). They channel household savings to the corporate sector and allocate investment funds among firms; they allow intertemporal smoothing of consumption by households and expenditures by firms; and they enable households and firms to share risks. FINANCE SYSTEM CHANNEL FUNDS This shows that the financial system channels flow of funds from savers or investors to borrowers and channels returns back to the savers, both directly and indirectly. Financial markets, such as the stock market or the bond market, issue claims on individual borrowers directly to savers. Financial institutions or intermediaries, such as banks, mutual funds and insurance company act as a go betweens by holding a portfolio of assets and issuing claims based on that portfolio to savers which is made possible by the activities of financial intermediaries and financial markets. Regarding the mode of financial flows, funds flow from savers to borrowers either directly or via the operations of a financial intermediary. In the first case, borrowers receive funds directly from savers. In return, savers acquire debt, equity or mixed-type claims in the form of primary securities. Financial intermediaries facilitate this process, assisting in the design, marketing and completion of the transa ction. These financial instruments are marketable in secondary markets. The ultimate objective and benchmark of international finance is the undisturbed flow of funds from savers to borrowers regardless of national borders. FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET. The Foreign Exchange Market is vast in size and scope and exists to fulfill a number of purposes ranging from the finance of cross-border investment, loans, trade in goods and services and of course, currency speculation. The Foreign Exchange Market encompasses of conversion of purchasing power from one currency to another; bank deposits of foreign currency; credit denominated in foreign currency, foreign trade financing, trading in foreign currency options futures, and currency swaps. The trade of different currencies takes place on the foreign exchange markets, at prices called exchange rates. Trading occurs 24 hours a day and London is the largest Foreign Exchange center. Trading may be for spot or forward delivery. A spot contract is a binding obligation to buy or sell a certain amount of foreign currency at the current market rate. A forward contract is a binding obligation to buy or sell a certain amount of foreign currency at a pre agreed rate of exchange, on or befor e a certain date. Forward contracts are available for any period up to two years longer periods are available in certain currencies. The main players on the foreign exchange market are commercial banks, firms, nonbank financial institutions, and central banks. DERIVATIVES. Derivatives are financial instrument whose value is based on an underlying asset. Derivatives can be used to acquire risk, rather than to insure or hedge against risk, it allows investors to hedge when buying a certain asset. Hedging is a way to protect against a loss in value of an investment. For example, if the holder of a certain stock is concerned that the stock price will fall, he or she might purchase a type of option whose value will increase if the stock falls in price. The option thus provides a kind of insurance against loss for the stockholder. Derivatives have a great amount of leverage, such that a small movement in the underlying value can cause a large difference in the value of the derivative. Speculate and make a profit if the value of the underlying asset moves the way they expect. One of the types of derivatives is over the counter which is the largest market for derivatives and is largely unregulated with respect to disclosure of information between the part ies. They are contract that are traded and privately negotiated directly between the two parties without going through other intermediary. The second type of derivatives is Exchange traded derivatives which acts as an intermediary to all related transactions, and takes Initial margin from both sides of the trade to act as a guarantee The three major classes of derivatives include: Futures/Forwards which are contracts to buy or sell an asset on or before a future date at a price specified today. Options are contracts that give the owner the right, but not the obligation, to buy in the case of a call option or sell in the case of a put option an asset. Swaps are contracts to exchange cash (flows) on or before a specified future date based on the underlying value of currencies/exchange rates. While the major classes of derivatives of underlying asset are interest rate derivatives, foreign exchange derivatives, credit derivatives, equity derivatives and commodity derivati ves. COMMODITY MARKET AND ECONOMIC PERFORMACE Commodity markets are markets where raw or primary products are exchanged and where organized traders exchange in which standardized, graded products are bought and also the right to sell goods that plays a major role in the global economic scenario. These goods may be mineral based such as oil and natural gas, metals such as gold or copper, agricultural, cotton or wool, livestock, or foodstuffs like rice, wheat, soy and corn. These raw commodities are traded on regulated commodities exchanges, in which they are bought and sold. A commodity exchange is a market in which multiple buyers and sellers trade commodity-linked contracts on the basis of rules and procedures laid down by the exchange .Worldwide, there are 48 major commodity exchanges that trade over 96 commodities, ranging from wheat and cotton to silver and oil. Before World War II London was the centre of international trade in primary goods, but New York City has become at least as important. It is in these two cities that the international prices of many primary products are determined. Although New York often has the bigger market, many producers prefer the London market because of the large fluctuations in local demand in the United States that influence New York market prices. In some cases international commodity agreements have reduced the significance of certain commodity markets. The focus on commodity exchanges in the traditional sense that is, exchanges trading agricultural commodities, metals or energy products, as opposed to financial products (annex I). These exchanges are, however, described in the context of global futures trade, including financial contracts (annex II). 2.1 TYPES OF COMMODITY MARKET 1. SPOT MARKETS. Spot markets are markets in which a commodity is bought or sold for cash and delivery is immediate, money is exchanged and a product is obtained. Spot contracts, a less widely used form of trading, call for immediate delivery of a specified commodity and are often used to obtain the goods necessary to fulfill a futures contract. 2. FORWARD MARKETS. Forwards are advance payment for future supply, like reserving your share of next years yield. Forward contract are for future delivery of a commodity. 3. FUTURE MARKETS. Futures are a contract on future supply that wont actually be delivered. The purpose of trading in futures is either to insure against the risk of price changes (hedging) or to make a profit by speculating on the price trend. The great bulk of commodity trading is in contracts for future delivery. The operation of futures markets requires commodities of uniform quality grades in order that transactions may take place without the buyer hav ing to inspect the commodities themselves. A futures contract is an agreement to deliver or receive a certain quantity of a commodity at an agreed price at some stated time in the future. 2.2 THE ROLE OF COMMODITY MARKETSÂÂ  IN ECONOMIC. They play a very important role in the global economy in three major ways. First, reducing the price volatility and risk, the market mechanism helps to reduce price volatility by letting human nature work freely. Thereby reducing excess supply of some product in the market by producing less and if there is a shortage of some product in the market, the producers raise their prices and produce more. This brings things in balance as the market constantly adjusts to the current market situation. The system of hedging reduces risk and helps to promote economic growth as farmers, consumers, producers, distributors, etc. can lock in prices of their crops, raw material costs or other input costs. This allows market participants to better plan for their production output, consumption and capital spending budgets. Commodity markets provide the perfect system and place for buyers and sellers to use all of the available information in the market in determination of price at that moment for investment. And finally, the market helps to keep a balance between consumption and production as price adjustments are constantly being made in the market based on supply and demand. Producers and consumers alike decide how much to produce or consume based on market prices and their decisions on production and consumption levels based on daily pricing through commodity futures exchanges around the world helps to keep levels in balance. 2.3 THE ROLES OF THE FINANCIAL SECTOR IN ECONOMIC PERFORMANCES. The most three basic decisions which influence economic performance are; How much to save and how to allocate the flow of savings in investment. How much to consume. How to allocate the existing stock of wealth which would depend on each independent households opportunities, present and expected future income, health, family composition, the costs of goods and services. To examine how a financial sector affects the economy we introduce the direct financial claims. Financial claims are reflected in the flow of funds accounts as liabilities of firms, but as assets of households. Financial market infrastructure which have involved in most developed countries reduces costs e.g. accounting standards, disclosure laws and ratings agencies which would otherwise be borne by individual savers. These markets, conventions and institutions may make it possible for small savers to hold direct claims on firms and achieve a greater return for any given level of risk in allocating th eir wealth. The development of secondary markets in which direct claims are traded helps in increasing the willingness of savers to exchange real assets for direct financial claims and encourages savers to accept longer maturity claims. Brokers, which match savers and investors, as well as organized markets, which publish prices at which direct claims have recently been traded, reduce search and information costs for issues of new direct financial claims and increase the efficiency of direct financial transactions. They provide valuable price to help price new issues of direct claims and to coordinate decentralized economic activity. As indirect financial claims is by means of financial intermediaries. Financial Intermediaries purchase direct financial claims and issue their own liabilities; in essence they transform direct claims into indirect claims. Financial intermediaries monitor changes in the borrowers creditworthiness, collect and evaluate information regarding creditw orthiness at lower cost and with greater expertise than the household sector. Financial intermediary transform a direct financial claim with attributes which the borrower prefers into an indirect claim with attributes which savers prefer, this occurs when the borrower needs large amounts for relatively long periods of time, while savers prefer to hold smaller-denomination claims for shorter periods of time. By pooling the resources, the financial intermediary may be able to accommodate the preferences of both the borrower and savers. Financial intermediary transform the risky, long-term, illiquid direct claims on borrowers into safer, shorter-term, liquid claims on itself that savers prefer by diversifying reducing the financial intermediarys net exposure to a variety of risks and thus reduces the cost of hedging which makes an important contribution to raising standards of living. In addition, governments foster an elastic financial infrastructure which can withstand the u nstable in financial market prices without increasing the shocks to the real economy. 2.4. OPPORTUNITIES ARISING FROM INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT. The opportunities arising from international context is that first, we need to better understand capital markets and the products available and also todays globally reliant economies. The accessibility to foreign markets information products increases everyday and this represent a huge opportunity. Cross-border financial transaction of all kinds has become a common place for investors to make choices in different products. Diversifying in both international and domestic companies will lower their overall risk of their investment portfolio. Opening a country to trade in financial assets offers advantages similar to those that we observed introducing financial instruments in the primitive economy. International specialization on the basis of comparative advantage in financial services, like international specialization in production is likely to enhance efficiency. Confidence in the financial system encourages investors to allocate their savings through financial markets and institutions rather than to invest in non-productive assets in order to hedge against inflation or the risk of financial collapse. 2.5 RISK RISING FROM INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT. Risk is the possibility that something unpleasant, undesirable which might happen in international finance. Consequently, risk cannot be eliminated, it can only be managed and controlled and this process required proper identification and monitoring. The most risk associated with international finance is credit risk, which can be defined as the possibility of the failure of the debtor to perform its legally binding agreement in accordance with the relevant credit agreement. Market risk is associated with the trading activities of investors in securities and other financial instruments and refers to the possibility of losses arising from unfavorable movements in market prices. Traditional financial risk focuses on risks within the financial system, and then efficiency should plainly be the central goal. Foreign exchange or currency risk, which refers to the possibilities of losses attributed to fluctuations and volatility of foreign exchange rates and these can have impa ct on the return on the investment invested. International politics risk where by the government destabilization and consequent impacts on the foreign corporations. Interest rate risks refer to the exposure of the institutions financial condition to contrary the movements in interest rates. Liquidity risk is the lack of ability of a lender or borrower to accommodate decreases in liabilities or to fund increases in assets. Finally, operational risk refers to the risk of direct or indirect loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from external events. Such failures can lead to financial distress through error, fraud, or failure to perform in a timely manner or cause the interests of the financial institution to be compromised in some other way. 2.6. CONCLUSIONS The financial sector mobilizes savings and allows the allocation of credit across space and time. As seen, this not only provides payment services but more importantly products which enables firms and households to cope with the economics uncertainties. An efficient financial sector helps reduce cost and risk for production and trading of goods and services thereby play an important role in raising the standard of living. As seen, are some advantages to international equity issues. It increases as well as diversifies shareholders base. This also improves a firms image and also offering less cumbersome listing the procedures. For most investors, international equities offer the benefits of portfolio diversification and make it possible and also favorable tax treatment. Commodity market plays a vital role in international market, hedging reduces the risk for producers, consumers etc there by helping to promote economic growth. Market infrastructure helps to reduce cost which would have been borne by the individual. Its sustained the economic strength and progress in an increasingly competitive global economy and with access to advance technol ogy. Indeed, we can see how the financial system and the commodity play a vital role in international and their economics performances.

Good Fellas A Classic Mafia Film - 1266 Words

In the time where mobster business ruled the streets of New York, Good Fellas is a classic mafia film that brings a little bit of everything to the round table; the violence, the profanity, the sex, the drugs, and especially the money. â€Å"Forget about it!† It will have you on the edge of your seat, entertained and desiring to see more of it. Directed by Martin Scorsese, Good Fellas’, takes place in the 1960’s and 70’s in the beautiful state of New York. Mobsters were walking idols for the eyes of many, with nice, slick suits, puffing cigarettes with tremendous swagger. And one of them was Ray Liotta as Henry Hill, a local Irish-American kid who grows up in one of the baddest, most tough neighborhoods in the city. Dropping out of high†¦show more content†¦Murdering Billy Batts, a mobster from the Gambino Crime Family, Henry Hill was on the verge of living the glamoirous lifestyle by doing what had to be done and that was: never rat on your frie nds and keeping your mouth shut. After closing the trunk in one motion, the trumpets of old jazz music drifted slowing into the scene, and the title ‘GoodFellas’ appeared in vibrant red. The way the scene was presented to the viewer, made the curiosity of one to perk up like meerkat coming out of a hole. Some may ask themselves, â€Å"How did they get there? What happened before this all took place? Why are the killing this man?† Automatically, the viewer is reeled into the story plot of ‘GoodFellas . I mean, who wouldn’t be? With the opening scene showing the brutal stabbing of a mobster and finishing gunshots to his head, anyone could tell that this film is not for the faint at heart. Violence will always capture the attention of the viewers. As Henry Hill got deeper into doing â€Å"business† with Jimmy Conway and Tommy DeVito, there was no doubt that anything would get in the way of their lucrative lifestyles. They would go out and enjoy themselves with a few drinks in the nightclub called â€Å"Copacabana†. Obnoxious laughs, alcoholic beverages tapping glass on glass and tobacco smoke fills the air heavily. With such scene, you would think that you’re at a stand up comedy by whats being talked about. The director, Martin, made a good choice of placing Joe Pesci (Tommy DeVito)

Accounting Information System Liquidation of Companies

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Information System for Liquidation of Companies. Answer: Introduction This study is based on the subject of accounting. During this particular study, the discussion is done on the liquidation of the Australian companies like, ABC Learning, HIH Insurance and One-Tel. The study evaluates the reasons behind the liquidations of the companies and at the same time, the study also discusses on the ethics and the governance of the financial stress of the three companies. Along with this, the study also evaluates whether the liabilities were the major factors that influenced the liquidation of these companies or not. At the end of the study, the conclusion is derived by considering the overall findings of the study. Discussion on the liquidation of the companies in Australia In recent past, many companies in Australia have faced corporate collapse and ABC Learning is one of them. ABC Learning was of the largest child care centers in Australia, which was operating in the market of Australia since 1988. However, due to several wrong steps the company collapsed in the year of 2010 (Crikey 2016). Logan, Sumsion and Press (2015) believed that the liquidation or corporate collapse of ABC Learning took place because of weak financial planning of the organization. In support of this, Jokovich (2016) stated that before the collapse took place, the organization started to acquire several child care centers, without taking proper strategy to run the acquired child care centers. The financial performance of the organization was much good at that time and the share price of ABC Learning was in increasing trend (Crikey 2016). The management of the organization decided to apply the tricks of leveraging the reliable stream of income that are used by Macquarie Bank. Howe ver, the organization did not diversify its assets base and did not take care of the increasing credit costs. On the other side, Ahmadi et al. (2015) mentioned that one of the main factors that influenced the corporate collapse of ABC Learning was the high subsidies provided by the government of the country. As per the reports, the government of the country provided the amount of subsidies, which was more than 40% of the total revenue of the company (Crikey 2016). At the same time, the government of the country did not played active role in controlling the activities of the child care center like, ABC Learning. The government of the country did not investigate on the business activities of the company, when the company was earning huge profit in the market (Crikey 2016). Due to the above-mentioned reasons, the financial position of ABC Learning started to fall down and gradually, the organization moved towards liquidation. However, if the liquidation of ABC Learning is analyzed on the basis of ethics and governance, then it can be said that the operation of ABC Learning was not as per the business ethics. AML et al. (2015) stated that the organization (ABC Learning) was enjoying maximum portion of government subsidies, which was not en ethical business activity. Betta (2016) added that at the time, when most of the child care centers in Australia were facing trouble in surviving in the market, ABC Learning was earning more than $40 million before paying the tax and interests. On the other side, if the evaluation on the governance, it can be identified that governance of the company was not up to the mark (Damiani, Bourne and Foo 2015). The wrong strategies took by the company indicates that the corporate governance of the company had weak long term vision (Adams 2016). Therefore, it can be understood that the financial stress of ABC Learning was influenced by the unethical practice and wrong corporate governance. Corporate collapse or liquidation of HIH Insurance was another big business failure in Australia. The company was one of the larger insurance companies in the country. The liquidation of HIH Insurance happened in the year of 2001 (Damiani, Bourne and Foo 2015). Before, the liquidation took place the company was the most reliable business organization in Australia. The company had huge customer base and the company was involve in several acquisitions. However, due to some wrong business decisions, the financial position of the company became very weak. The company faced a loss of more than $5 billion (Aph.gov.au 2016). Miglani, Ahmed and Henry (2015) stated that the main reason behind the liquidation of HIH Insurance was the aggressive business expansion strategy taken by the management of HIH. Until 2001, the business of the company covered maximum insurance business segments, nationally as well as internationally. Betta (2016) argued that HIH Insurance acquired few troubled organiza tions at much high price. For example, HIH acquired FAI against $300 million but the actual worth of FAI was only $100 million. Adams (2016) mentioned that at the time of acquiring FAI, both the acquiring and acquired companies were commercially insolvent; however, from outside, the financial position of HIH was strong. According to Miglani, Ahmed and Henry (2015), HIH Insurance had insufficient capital to meet its liabilities. At the same time, the company offered its products at a very low price (Damiani, Bourne and Foo 2015). The corporate governance of the company was so weak that it could not take proper strategy to manage its risk (Aph.gov.au 2016). Moreover, just before the corporate collapse, when the company needed extra capital, it took the decision to bought reinsurance. Apart from these, the company also misstated its financial reports and conducted several financial frauds that influenced the liquidation (Aph.gov.au 2016). Therefore, from the ethical point of view, the business activities done by HIH Insurance was not up to the mark. The misstatement of financial reports and the corporate frauds were the most unethical business practices done by the company (Damiani, Bourne and Foo 2015). On the other side, the corporate governance team of the company was not that much strong to run a business appropriately. The corporate governance team of the company included inadequate number of non-executive director (Adams 2016). At the same time, the CEO of the company believed in dominating business strategy. The risk management measurements taken by the company was inappropriate. The management of the company set the investment committee for managing the investment risk but the strategies taken by the committee were weakly formed (Ahmadi et al. 2015). Apart from ABC Learning and HIH Insurance, there was another company One.Tel, which failed to sustain in the market because of wrong business strategies (BBC News 2016). One.Tel was one of the largest telecommunication companies in Australia. This company faced liquidation in the year 2001 (BBC News 2016). Miglani, Ahmed and Henry (2015) stated that the company collapsed due to the huge debt burden. Ndzi (2016) noted that just before the liquidation took place, the total debt amount of the company was A$600 million. Jokovich (2016) mentioned that the corporate collapse or liquidation of One.Tel was caused by four factors - inadequate pricing policy, wrong strategies, unbridled growth and inappropriate expectations. The rapid growth strategy taken by the management of One.Tel caused two major business issues One.Tel came into direct competition with Optus, which was the largest organization in telecommunication sector in Australia and the other issue was the customers of One.Tel wer e attracted towards the low-priced offers given by Optus (BBC News 2016). Logan, Sumsion and Press (2015) mentioned that in order to compete with Optus, the management of One.Tel took the low pricing policy which affected the financial position of the company to the high extent. The inadequate business strategies taken by the company contributed a large portion in the liquidation of One.Tel. For example, in 1999, the company made a corporate agreement with Lucent Technologies in order to build a national network in Australia (BBC News 2016). The agreement cost A$1.15 billion. However, after few days, disputes took place between One.Tel and Lucent Technologies and the Lucent Technologies decided to build the national network in Europe against US$20 billion to provide the service of One.Tel to the European customers (BBC News 2016). However, in 2000, One.Tel faced the major loss of A$291 million and it was announced by Merchant bank that the company (One.Tel) is having shortage of liquid cash. The reserve of the company failed to A$35 million and the cash balance of the company was only A$25 million (BBC News 2016). In the analysis of the liquidation of One.Tel from ethical and governance point of views, it can be identified that the business activities of the company was unethical as it mislead the investors by not disclosing the liquid position on public (Damiani, Bourne and Foo 2015). At the same time, the cash position of the company was also much weak, which was again not unfolded by the company. On the other side, the corporate governance of One.Tel was also not standard. The corporate governance rules and regulations of the company were inadequate to solve the problems of it (Miglani, Ahmed and Henry 2015). The strategy of rapid business growth was one of the largest mistakes done by the company, which caused huge debt to the company. Therefore, in the above discussion and evaluation of the liquidation cases of three major companies in Australia, it has been identified that the liabilities were the major factors that contributed to the liquidation of the three companies. In case of ABC Learning, the company had inadequate assets base (Ndzi 2016). On the other side, the HIH Insurance had insufficient capital to meet its future liabilities and One.Tel had shortage of case balance to meet the liabilities. Therefore, in these three cases, the companies had huge debt burden but insufficient assets, capital and liquid cash balance to meet the liabilities (Adams 2016). Hence, it is proved that the huge liabilities influenced the corporate collapse or liquidation of the companies. Conclusion In this study, it has been identified that inadequate financial position of the three companies One.Tel, ABC Learning and HIH Insurance pushed the companies in liquidation. The analysis of the study has identified that the aggressive business strategies took by the companies created major problems for running their businesses. In the corporate collapse cases of these three companies, it has been identified that the companies were operating their businesses by conducting unethical practices of business. The study has identified that the company like ABC Learning misstated the financial reports and One.Tel did not disclose the weak liquid cash position. At the same time, the corporate governance policies of the companies were also not appropriate. It was true that he companies achieved high success in the beginning but that success was not the actual success of the companies. Reference list Adams, M.A., 2016. Contemporary case studies in corporate governance failures.Governance Directions,68(6), p.335. Ahmadi, S., Forouzideh, N., Alizadeh, S. and Papageorgiou, E., 2015. Learning fuzzy cognitive maps using imperialist competitive algorithm.Neural Computing and Applications,26(6), pp.1333-1354. AML, A.M.L., Laundering, A.M., Act, C.T.F., due Secteur, C.O. and Competition, A., 2015. ABC analysis, 270 Accounting fraud, 14, 42 Active compliance approach, coherence, 52 basis, 31.benefits,108, p.109t. Aph.gov.au. 2016. Home Parliament of Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/ [Accessed 7 Sep. 2016]. BBC News. 2016. Home - BBC News. [online] Available at: https://news.bbc.co.uk/ [Accessed 7 Sep. 2016]. Betta, M., 2016. Three Case Studies: Australian HIH, American Enron, and Global Lehman Brothers. InEthicmentality-Ethics in Capitalist Economy, Business, and Society(pp. 79-97). Springer Netherlands. Crikey. 2016. Crikey - On politics, media, business, the environment and life. [online] Available at: https://www.crikey.com.au [Accessed 7 Sep. 2016]. Damiani, C., Bourne, N. and Foo, M., 2015. The HIH claims support scheme.Economic Round-up, (1), p.37. Jokovich, E., 2016. Vale, John Kaye.Rattler (Sydney), (118), p.11. Logan, H., Sumsion, J. and Press, F., 2015. The Council of Australian Government Reforms [20072013]: a critical juncture in Australian early childhood education and care (ECEC) policy?.International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy,9(1), pp.1-16. Miglani, S., Ahmed, K. and Henry, D., 2015. Voluntary corporate governance structure and financial distress: Evidence from Australia.Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics,11(1), pp.18-30. Ndzi, E., 2016. Executive Remuneration:(What) Can UK Learn from Cameroon.

Judaism Essays (2018 words) - Monotheistic Religions, Jews

Judaism Judaism Early History of Judaism It has been argued that Judaism can be seen not only as a single religion, but as a group of similar religions. It has also been pointed-out that through all the trials and tribulations that Judaism has suffered through, that there have been common themes that have proven omni-pervasive. Any institution with roots as ancient and varied as the religion of the Jews is bound to have a few variations, especially when most of its history takes place in the political and theological hot spot of the Middle East. In this discussion, many facets of Judaism will be examined, primarily in the three temporal subdivisions labeled the Tribal / Pre-Monarchy Period, the Divided Monarchy, and the Hasmonean / Maccabean and Roman Era. Among all the time periods where the religion has been split, these three seem to be the mostrepresentative of the forces responsible. As for a common thread seen throughout all Judiasms, the area of focus here is the place associated with the religion : Jerusalem. This topic will be covered in detail first, and then the multiple Judaism arguments will be presented. In this way, it is possible to keep a common focus in mind when reading about all the other situations in which the religion has found itself. A brief conclusion follows the discussion. A Place to Call Home No other religion has ever been so attached to its birthplace as Judaism. Perhaps this is because Jews have been exiled and restricted from this place for most of their history. Jerusalem is not only home to Judaism, but to the Muslim and Christian religions as well. Historically this has made it quite a busy place for the various groups. Jerusalem is where the temple of the Jews once stood; the only place on the whole Earth where one could leave the confines of day to day life and get closer to God. In 586 BCE when the temple was destroyed, no Jew would have denied Jerusalem as being the geographic center of the religion. From that point on, the Jewish people have migrated around the world, but not one of them forgets the fact that Jerusalem is where it all began. It is truly a sacred place, and helps to define what Judaism means to many people; a common thread to run through all the various splinters of the religion and help hold them together. Even today, as the Jewish people have their precious Jerusalem back (through the help of other nations and their politics) there is great conflict and emotion surrounding it. Other nations and people in the area feel that they should be in control of the renowned city, and the Jews deny fervently any attempt to wrestle it from their occupation. It is true that there is no temple in Jeruslaem today, nor are all the Jews in the world rushing to get back there. But it is apparent that the city represents more to the religion of Judaism than a mere place to live and work. The city of Jerusalem is a spiritual epicenter, and throughout Judaisms long and varied history, this single fact has never changed. Tribal / Pre-Monarchy Judaisms roots lie far back in the beginnings of recorded history. The religion did not spring into existence exactly as it is known today, rather it was pushed and prodded by various environmental factors along the way. One of the first major influences on the religion was the Canaanite nation. Various theories exist as to how and when the people that would later be called Jews entered into this civilization. But regardless of how they ultimately got there, these pioneers of the new faith were subjected to many of the ideas and prejudices of the time. Any new society that finds itself in an existing social situation, can do no more than to try and integrate into that framework. And this is exactly what the Jews did. Early Judaism worshipped multiple gods. One of these gods was known as Baal, and was generally thought-of as a statue god with certain limitations on his power. The other primary deity was called YHWH (or Yahweh) and enjoyed a much more mysterious and

Au Revior Les Enfants Essays - Childhood, Youth, Youth Culture

Au Revior Les Enfants Essays - Childhood, Youth, Youth Culture Au Revior Les Enfants 592099243 Au Revior Les Enfants The movie Au Revior Les Enfants ,or Goodbye Children translated, has a lot of symbolism that applies to the films theme and subject in its title alone. The theme of childhood, innocence, and adulthood-growing up and the subject of the movie is seen in the title and throughout the entire film. Childhood is portrayed throughout the film in many different ways. One obvious way is the games the children play on the stilts. It is ironic that the games they are playing have to do with war and fighting, the same things that are going on outside the gates of the monastery. During the movie you also see the innocence of childhood when the children trade different items for marbles and when Julian wets his bed. You also get to see the children start to grow up in a sense. The boys in the movie look at nude women, read books about romance and smoke cigarettes. These things show how the boys are growing up and about to enter adulthood but still are children and have a lot of growing up to do. The symbolism in the title is seen though out the movie in many different aspects. Goodbye Children is seen when the children start to grow up, they are growing up and saying goodbye to their childhood, The title is also portrayed when when the children are taken away from the monastery and Julian waves goodbye to the rest of the children. Some other ways the title is also seen is when Father Jean is taken away and says goodbye to the children. You are left not knowing what is going to happen to them if this is just goodbye for now or goodbye forever until the narration lets you know. Then you are also saying goodbye to the children also. The symbolism in the movie and in the title help show the theme and subject of the movie.The movie shows how the characters saying goodbye to the innocence of childhood and hello to the real world of adulthood. The fact that the children and Father Jean are taken away shows the movies title in the aspect that they are saying goodbye to the rest of the children. The movie has may other types of symbolism though out. These are just some ways the movie shows symbolism regarding its title.

Why Peace Processes Fail to End Violence Research Paper

Why Peace Processes Fail to End Violence - Research Paper Example The failure of talks among governments, societies, rebels, communities and other parties faced with conflict to come to consensus is discussed in the paper. Various examples of such instances have been given, and the challenges they face in the negotiation process outlined. Attempts and failure of dialogue in solving a conflict eliciting new beginning of the conflict have also been illustrated in this document. Factors hindering peace methods in curbing the conflicts have also been widely discussed. In various cases, both international and domestic, mediation has always failed; this is discussed with various relevant examples in the world.  Most warring parties embark on physical confrontation as a means of solving the problem. Political and fiscal reforms will be noted to assist in decision-making during the negotiation process. This often results in the elimination of peace as a solution to the problem that resulted in war. This idea has been viewed from different angles in this document such that it is realized that peace often fails in the process of ending violence.  The definition of peace may be varied, but, in this context, it can be summarized or explicated as the absence of hostilities or war. It can be attained by various applications depending on the context. Establishment of peace through peace method has proved inefficient in most cases thus termed to have failed in ending violence. This method is mostly applied through negotiations and settling of disputes through peacebuilding and peacekeeping. Political factors, in most cases, are the culprit of war thus making peace a difficult avenue to take in bringing things under control. The willingness of the warring parties to have a round table talk is a problem.

2 page letter to the editor Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

2 page letter to the editor - Assignment Example This involves an ability to clearly think through an issue, formulate opinion / policy, communicate it effectively and argue successfully the merits and demerits of the opinion and alternatives. In other words, a leader has to talk, listen and argue coherently to win over skeptics if any. Since we are all individuals from different socio-economic and political backgrounds, we manifest our leadership qualities in different styles. Some of us are authoritative, some are democratic and yet others are of please-all by nature. These styles appear appropriate in different situations e.g., military commanders are in general more authoritative, HR managers are more democratic etc. Authoritative leaders impose their will on the subordinates or even colleagues by the force of their personality and the power of their hierarchical status. Persuasive leaders opt for a more democratic approach Since the topic of healthcare reform is with the political leaders, I wish to draw a parallel with the council member of our neighborhood and the successful way he practices his leadership skills. On the one hand, this council member has to listen to the suggestions and grievances of his constituency (voters), prioritize them and do his best to get them executed through the administration. On the other hand, he has to contend with similar (and sometimes, opposing) demands from the other council members who have obligations to their own voters. There are political careers involved here and the contest is, as in the National Congress, among local leaders. Our council member is a soft spoken Republican. His priorities are dictated by public opinion and national policy. His interactions with the other council members can be seen as the flip side of his interactions with his own voters. Skillfully, he persuades the other council members to support his priorities within reasonable limits and extends similar support to them. By this way, he has

Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response Essay Example for Free

Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response Essay This experiment showed that Albert developed a fear of a white rat through associating a neutral stimulus with a fear provoking stimulus. However some individuals may have inherited a high level of physiological reactivity. The extent to which the individual is classically conditioned to a neutral stimulus could be determined by this physiological reactivity. In addition, animal phobia is more likely to become classically conditioned because there is preparedness for survival from the EEA, other stimuli may not become classically conditioned. Davison found phobias of neutral stimuli cannot be easily conditioned as Alberts experiment suggested; he tried to condition phobias of neutral stimuli in a laboratory but had little success. However being in an experimental setting may have prevented the participants from behaving naturally; therefore the fear was not conditioned. The behaviourist concept of stimulus generalising suggest that a fear response to one thing can be generalised to other things, and as predicted by the behavioural concept Albert generalised the phobia of white rats to other furry white objects such as cotton wool, fur and white beards. However his reactivity may predispose him to the anxious disorder. Due to Albert being a child he may have developed his fear of the rat because he was immediately able to recognise the appearance of the animal is least like a human, he feared other objects that were similar to the rat because he developed a cognitive bias unconsciously. Also the research evidence on phobias being a result of traumatic experiences lacks reliability, as shown by Davison it is difficult to replicate Watson and Rayners experiment; although it was found 50% of people suffering from certain phobias recalled a traumatic experience that had triggered their phobia, therefore supporting classical conditioning. The other 50% of phobics that cannot recall an unpleasant experience initiating their phobia could be due to repression of the expression. The development of phobias can also be explained by Mowrers two-process theory, this involves operant conditioning. The first stage of the process involves classical conditioning, for example linking the white rat and the loud noise. The second stage of the theory involves operant conditioning as avoidance of the phobic stimulus reduces the fear response and is thus reinforcing, therefore the fear is maintained and a phobia is developed. Behavioural explanations are reductionist; they oversimplify concepts to one specific thing and ignore other factors. The explanation is also deterministic because it suggests behaviour is controlled by the environment and ignores the individuals own ability to control their behaviour. Social learning theory explains fear as not being intentional, the learning of the fear happens at an unconscious cognitive level. Evidence of modelling was found in monkeys that observed other monkeys displaying a fearful reaction to a snake; these monkeys developed a phobia of snakes because it is a harmful stimulus. Bandura proposed phobias can be learnt through observational learning, modelling and direct reinforcement. There are other psychological explanations of anxious disorders. The cognitive explanation suggests faulty thinking is the cause of phobias. Beck and Emery conceded that anxious people avail cognitive biases, which causes them exaggerate the threats posed by stimuli. This has face validity because phobics have reported high level of anxiety and it is plausible that phobics find their environment a threatening place. Clarks cognitive theory of panic disorder suggests individuals suffering from panic disorder tend to interpret their bodily functions over sensitively i.e. they react to their bodily functions in a life-threatening way. This makes them more anxious and increases their catastrophic thoughts. However it cannot be identified if cognitive biases are the cause of phobias or if the phobias are the cause of the individuals cognitive biases. Also the over consciousness of bodily response could be due to physiological reactivity of the individual and it maybe the underlying cause of the fear. The explanation is description rather than explanatory; it describes the thought patterns of the individual but does not explain why the individual is having these thought patterns. The social explanation is another psychological explanation of anxiety disorders. According to this explanation parental rearing styles have an impact on the development of phobias. It has been found that parental styles that are high in control and overprotection and low in affection are linked to social phobia and agoraphobia. However accounts of parental styles are retrospective. Another limitation is all that has been obtained is correlations between rearing styles and anxiety disorders, correlations do not prove causality. There is evidence that phobics experience more serious life events before the onset of the anxiety disorder, in Kleiner and Marshalls study, 84% of agoraphobics reported to have experienced family problems prior to their first panic attack. Finlay and Brown found a difference between anxious and depressed patients in terms of life events they had experienced in the 12 months prior to the onset of their disorder. Both groups had experienced an above average number of life events, but anxious patients tended to have experienced danger events, whereas depressed patients experienced loss events. However life events may be a factor of variables that developed the disorders. In conclusion the behavioural explanation claims phobias are developed as a result of classical and operant conditioning, this is called the two-process theory. The experiment with Albert demonstrated classical conditioning. However, research indicates that phobias do not depend on having previously encountered a frightening situation, and individuals that have experienced frightening encounters do not necessarily develop a phobia. Social learning theory is a behavioural explanation that may apply to some specific phobias. The cognitive explanation suggests that the individual suffering from the phobia have cognitive biases which cause the individual to exaggerate the threat posed by the stimuli. Some individuals may react to their bodily responses in a catastrophic way more than other individuals because they have a higher physiological reactivity. The social explanation can be used to explain the development of phobias through parental rearing styles and life events. The main problem with obtaining information about parental rearing styles may be the individual perceives the style differently from how it actually was. The main problem with obtaining information on life events is that it was in the past the so remembering them may be distorted and some events may have been forgotten. All three accounts of psychological explanations can be used to describe the development of phobias; however there are other explanations of anxiety disorders that are not psychological such as the evolutionary explanation. According to preparedness argument phobias are adaptive because they are a fear of things that would have been a threat to humans in the EEA. The evolutionary explanation is a counter perspective of the conditioning explanation and may explain why replications of Watson and Rayners experiment failed to condition phobias to neutral stimuli.

Leadership Case Study of Ernest Shackleton Essay examples -- The Leade

The topic of this leadership case study is Ernest Shackleton. This paper will identify the development of Shackleton's leadership skills, provide examples and reflections of his abilities, and relate how he played an essential role in one of history's greatest survival stories. This study of Shackleton's leadership is set loosely within the framework of the five practices of exemplary leadership set forth in The Leadership Challenge by Kouzes and Posner, and will focus on the benefits produced by his management of team morale and unity (13). Kouzes and Posner remark that leadership experiences are ?voyages of discovery and adventures of a lifetime?[and] they are challenging explorations under rigorous conditions? (174). While this may be true, it is often in an extreme crisis situation that leadership is ultimately tested. This is the circumstance that Shackleton faced with his crew of twenty-seven, while stranded in the ice floes off the Antarctic Continent. Credit is due to the leadership of Ernest Shackleton; every member aboard the Endurance survived, and was finally rescued after six hundred and thirty-four days. Shackleton said of leadership, ?If you?re a leader, a fellow that other fellows look to, you?ve got to keep going? (qtd. in Morrell and Capparell 215). Synopsis of the Endurance Expedition?See Appendix (Pages 19-21) The Endurance, the vessel carrying the men and the title of the expedition, was named by Shackleton after his family motto?Fortitudine Vincimus (By endurance we conquer) (Perkins 41). To relate the significant factors of Shackleton?s leadership during the Endurance expedition, it is necessary to summarize the timeline of the events. A chronological timeline of the expedition is included at the end of this paper. The saga of the Endurance has relevant lessons for today?s leaders concerning the vital nature of team unity and interdependence, risk taking, optimism, and selfless leadership. Shackleton, known as ?The Boss? to his men, was at all times responsible for fostering and developing these dynamics, and thus provides an example of the remarkable achievements that are possible in even the direst of situations. The expedition failed in its attempt to be the first to transverse the Antarctic, yet the ultimate success is judged by the safe return of all the crewmembers. The events of the Endurance expedition wer... ... all his leadership strategies for the purpose of getting every man home alive. The loyalty and trust that Shackleton inspired in his men is undeniable. In 1921, five years after the rescue, Shackleton set out again on his last expedition aboard the Quest. Remarkably, his eighteen-member crew was comprised of eight Endurance colleagues, including Wild and Worsley (Morrell and Capparell 208). Following Shackleton?s death, Wild summed up the feelings he had for his leader: I have served with Scott, Shackleton, and Mawson, and have met Nansen, Amundsen, Peary, Cook, and other explorers, and in my considered opinion, for all the best points of leadership, coolness in the face of danger, resource under difficulties, quickness in decisions, never-failing optimism, and the faculty of instilling the same into others, remarkable genius for organization, consideration for those under him, and obliteration of self, the palm must be given to Shackleton, a hero and a gentleman in very truth. --Frank Wild, crew member, Nimrod; second in command, Endurance and Quest. (qtd. in Morrell and Capparell 205)

Analysis of “The Shield of Achilles” Essay

The Shield of Achilles is a poem of nine stanzas where the author W.H.Auden has used an episode from the famous Homeric epic ‘Iliad’, as the name suggests. Achilles as we know was the greatest hero of the Trojan War and his shield as mentioned here has its reference in the book eighteen of the Iliad. There Thetis, the sea goddess and Achilles’ mother requests Hephaestus the divine blacksmith to make a shield for Achilles whose armor has been taken away by the Trojan hero Hector when he killed Patroclus to whom Achilles had lent it. Auden here has narrated the episode of the Iliad where this shield is in the making. Interestingly unlike the epical shield which was decorated by Hephaestus with stars and constellation, two beautiful towns full of people, scene of cultivation, a vineyard laden with grapes, herd of cattle, dancing girls and boys, the shield in question presents a scene of lifelessness, destruction and decadence of a moribund society of people. The poem starts with an unnamed woman and a man whom we later identify as Thetis and Hephaestus. She is looking over his shoulder to watch the shield which is being made there. Contrary to her expectations she finds the shield being decorated with barbed wire enclosures and bored officials, weary sentries, detached and dispassionate men folk, a weed-choked-field and a frustrated young boy who knows nothing about love being always exposed to murder and rape. In the poem whenever Thetis peers over the blacksmith’s shoulder hoping to see some beautiful decoration of natural beauty being embossed on the shield, some morbid spectacle is sure to greet her eyes. Finally when Hephaestus leaves after finishing the shield, Thetis is distraught to find a horrific picture which makes Achilles’ doom all the more evident. The poet has used a method of flashback to emphasize the deplorable condition of the modern human society. Whenever Thetis looks over ‘his shoulder’ Auden gives us a glimpse of the beauty of the past by mentioning what she expects to see and what gruesome sights unfold before her. The poem shows a contrast between the ancient world of real heroes and the modern world of debasement. The poet W. H. Auden thus uses the shield of Achilles as a subject but all the beautiful descriptions of Homer have been replaced to show the poet’s disgust with blankness and  shallowness of the modern society.

Biblical Analysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein

Alexandria Harris Mrs. Mitchell AP Literature 16 November 2015 Biblical Analysis: Frankenstein Frankenstein by Mary Shelley often refers to the bible on a number of occasions. However, it is worth noting that many references used by Mary Shelley in Frankenstein can often be identified in Genesis. Much like Genesis, the story of Frankenstein is a viable creation story. The book of Genesis first explains the creation of man and woman, and also recounts the fall of humanity. Unlike Genesis, Frankenstein begins with the fall of humanity, leading into the creation of man. Although it would be simple to compare the novel to such non-religious terms, the religious symbolism cannot be ignored in Frankenstein. Many biblical references within Frankenstein refer to the creation story in the first book of Genesis. â€Å"Because you have listened to the voice of your wife and have eaten of the tree of which I commanded you, ‘You shall not eat of it,’ cursed is the ground because of you† (Genesis 3: 17-19). In the book of Genesis, Adam and Eve are punished for taking from the tree of knowledge. The event that is presented in Genesis involving Adam and Eve strongly correlates to the first volume of Frankenstein. Driven by his mother’s death, Frankenstein looks to science in order to combat the death and illness that surrounds him. His acquisition of this scientifical knowledge leads to the creation of a horrible being. By creating life, he is able to attain the knowledge andShow MoreRelatedFrankenstein Literary Analysis : The Creator And His Creation1752 Words   |  8 PagesLucas Shelton Mr. Small English 12 3 March 2015 Frankenstein Literary Analysis: The Creator and his Creation â€Å"I ought to be thy Adam; but I am rather the fallen angel† (Shelley 87). In the popular novel Frankenstein, author Mary Shelley examines difficult questions regarding the creation of life and the shortcomings of mankind. The narrative is centered around a young scientist by the name of Victor Frankenstein, whose unrelenting pursuit of knowledge leads him into the most dangerous experimentRead MoreCreation: Scientifically Proven? Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesIn the book Evolutionary Creation in Biblical and Theological Perspective written by Dan Lioy it is clear some Christians tie biological evolution to religious belief. Lioy contemplates the idea of a God who creates evolutionary changes supernaturally only changing things for his purpose (10). We had a religious and scientific strife for many years; one of these was the bible vs. evolution debate called The Scopes (monkey) Trials of July 21 1925. As Judith S. Baughman writes inThe Scopes Trial